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A treasure trove from his reign was found in the temple of Montu at el-Tod, immediately south of Luxor, with silver goblets from Canaan and the Aegean, along with seals and jewelry from Mesopotamia. His reign saw an expansion of trading contacts with Syria and the Aegean.Įgyptian artifacts from his reign have been found at Byblos in Lebanon and Knossos in Crete. Amenemhat II succeeded around 1928 b.c.e. Like his father, he was a great builder and rebuilt the temple of Re-Atum at Heliopolis. He extended Egypt’s borders as far as Buhen at the Second Cataract in Nubia and led expeditions into Syria. Though Senusret I was campaigning in Libya when his father Amenemhat I died, he returned, quelled any rebellion, and ruled on his own for 34 years-having reigned approximately 10 years with his father. Amenemhat I was murdered as the result of a palace coup. This was named Itjtawy, or "Seizer-of-the-Two-Lands". Amenemhat moved the capital to a site about 20 miles south of the old capital, Memphis.
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He also sailed the Nile dealing severely with any signs of rebellion from local rulers. In his 30-year reign Amenemhat I conducted campaigns in the eastern Delta and south in Nubia to secure Egypt’s access to gold. His name, compounded with Amun, signaled the demotion of the local Theban patron god, Montu, and Amun’s steady rise to unrivaled prominence and wealth. His two successors reigned a further 18 years, and Mentuhotep III was likely succeeded by his vizier, Amenemhat, as the first pharaoh of that name and of the Twelfth Dynasty. Mentuhotep II managed to reunify Egypt and reigned for 50 years, ushering in a period of peace and stability. From the latter city the first three kings of the Eleventh Dynasty, all three named Intef, ruled Upper Egypt and gradually pushed the boundary of their rules further north. The First Intermediate Period was one of decentralization, but local rulers, religious institutions, and customs developed and flourished.īy the end of the First Intermediate Period power had concentrated in two centers, Herakleopolis, near the Faiyum in Middle Egypt, and Thebes. The pharaohs of the Twelfth Dynasty had remarkably long reigns: two, Senusret I and Amenemhat III, reigned for some 45 years. It comprised the second half of the Eleventh Dynasty, the Twelfth Dynasty that spanned 212 years (1985–1773 b.c.e.), and the Thirteenth Dynasty, at the end of which the central administration was once again weakening, leading into the Second Intermediate Period.
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The Middle Kingdom dated from approximately 2055 to 1650 b.c.e. Ancient Egyptian language begins with Middle Egyptian, accepted by later Egyptians as the classical period of language, literature, and culture.